UPC Court of Appeal explains when pre-launch activities amount to imminent infringement

On 2 July, the Court of Appeal of the UPC (“CoA”) handed down its decision in the PI proceedings between Guardant Health, Inc. (“Guardant”) and Sophia Genetics SA et al. (“Sophia”). Both parties appealed the decision of the Local Division Paris (“LD Paris”) of 23 January 2026. Although Guardant successfully objected to the finding that the patent was likely invalid for added matter, the CoA held that the urgency requirement was not met and therefore no PI was granted. What preceded Guardant is the proprietor of EP 3 443 066 (“EP 066”), which claims a method for detecting the presence or absence of colorectal, ovarian, lung or pancreatic cancer. EP 066 was granted on 2 October 2024 and claims priority of 14 and 18 April 2016. No opposition was filed. In addition to its UPC designation, EP 066 is in force in CH, ES and the UK. Sophia offers the MSK-DDM test in the UPC territories, CH, ES and NO. On 27 May 2025, Guardant sent a warning letter to Sophia arguing that the MSK-DDM test falls within the scope of several patents, but not mentioning EP 066. Sophia replied on 20 June 2025. On 14 July 2025, Guardant started litigation in the UK for infringement of the UK parts of several patents, including EP 066. It lodged its reasons on 18 August 2025. On 29 August 2025, Guardant applied for a PI before the LD Paris for the alleged infringement of several patents, including EP 066. The LD Paris held that the urgency requirement was met, but that EP 066 was likely to be invalid for reasons of added matter and therefore rejected a PI. Guardant appealed the order regarding EP 066 and costs; Sophia lodged a cross-appeal. Assessment of the CoA – urgency The CoA held that the assessment of unreasonable delay depends on the circumstances of the individual case. The decisive point in time is when the applicant has, or should have had, after exercising due diligence, the necessary facts and evidence. The burden of proof rests on the applicant. The CoA found that Guardant acted with unreasonable delay based on the following five principles: 1) A patent holder is not obliged to assert all patents in one application for a PI. If a patent holder has the necessary information for some, but not all patents, delaying the filing until it has information regarding all patents may constitute unreasonable delay. The CoA considers it compatible with procedural efficiency and the frontloaded system to file multiple separate applications weeks apart before the same division, since asserting multiple patents in a single application carries the risk that a prompt decision cannot be expected. 2) If a patent holder is aware, on the basis of a certain document, that one or more of its patents have been infringed, it must not turn a blind eye to the fact that the document also indicates the infringement of its other patents. The fact that the warning letter did not concern EP 066 does not justify the conclusion that Guardant was unaware of the infringement of EP 066. 3) While a patentee is generally not obliged to monitor the market, it must investigate the market with due diligence once it becomes aware of specific circumstances suggesting infringement. As soon as Guardant was aware of infringing activities in the UK, it was expected to investigate whether infringement occurred in the UPC territory, CH and ES. 4) For legal entities, the decisive factor is when the authorised representative body or an individual capable of pursuing the infringement internally becomes aware of the possible infringement (e.g. an employee of the legal department or a senior member of the sales department). The fact that other employees attended Sophia’s online seminars is insufficient, as they were not involved in evaluating potential patent infringement claims and had no obligation to forward information to decision makers. 5) As a general rule, a patent holder may wait a reasonable time for a response to a warning letter before drafting and lodging an application for a PI. However, since the warning letter did not concern EP 066, there was no reason for Guardant to wait for Sophia’s response before drafting an application regarding EP 066. Based on a certain document, the CoA concludes that Guardant (should have) had knowledge of the alleged infringement of the MSK-DDM test by 1 May. All information Guardant further relied upon was publicly available, requiring no substantial investigative measures. A diligent patentee could have completed this inquiry within two weeks, making 15 May 2025 the latest date on which Guardant should have been aware of the infringement in the UPC territory, CH and ES. Therefore, leaving a three-months’ gap from 15 May 2025 until 29 August 2025 for submitting the PI application, while Guardant stated it needed two weeks for drafting, is unreasonable. The patent’s complexity, technical tests and expert consultation do not justify the delay: Guardant failed to specify when the analyses began, for which patents they were essential, their duration or why the delay was reasonable. Even assuming the tests took a month, a two-months delay remained unaccounted for. Conclusion This decision provides a comprehensive guidance on urgency required for PIs in the UPC. The CoA establishes that a patentee: 1) need not assert all patents in one application and must not delay filing once it has sufficient information for some; 2) must not ignore infringement of other patents indicated in a document it has reviewed; 3) must investigate infringement in other designated territories once aware of infringement in one; 4) is deemed aware only when the authorised representative body or an individual capable of pursuing the infringement internally becomes aware of it and 5) may wait for a response to a warning letter, but not if that letter did not concern the patent at issue. As Guardant failed to meet these principles, no PI was granted.

On 12 December 2025, the UPC Local Division Munich (“LD Munich”) handed down its decision in the parallel proceedings between Sanofi and STADA, Dr. Reddy and Zentiva and revoked Sanofi’s cabazitaxel patent EP 2 493 466 (‘‘EP 466’’) in all UPC territories in which the patent was in force and dismissed the infringement actions. In this case the UPC Court of First Instance applied for the first time the inventive step test for second medical use claims as recently determined by the UPC Court of Appeal (‘‘CoA’’) in Amgen v. Sanofi/Aventis. It was held that the patent lacked inventive step over the Phase III TROPIC (NHSC) trial document. What preceded Sanofi SA holds EP 466, which relates to a ‘’novel anti-tumoral use of cabazitaxel.’’ Sanofi markets its product containing cabazitaxel under the name JEVTANA® as a second-line treatment for prostate cancer patients. On 13 May 2024, several Sanofi entities filed infringement actions before the LD Munich against several entities of Accord, STADA, Dr. Reddy and Zentiva. Each of the defendant groups filed counterclaims for revocation based on lack of novelty and inventive step and, in some cases, added matter or lack of sufficiency of disclosure.The proceedings between Sanofi and Accord were withdrawn prior to the oral hearing, based on a confidential settlement and license agreement. On 6 September 2024, the ‘Tribunal Judiciaire de Paris’ invalidated the French part of EP 466, holding that it was obvious, considering documents describing a Phase III clinical trial with cabazitaxel and that a skilled person at the priority date would have had a reasonable expectation of success. According to the LD Munich, Sanofi appealed and settled the matter with Accord by requesting the reversal of the decision. The EPO Opposition Division (“OD”) on 15 December 2023 and Board of Appeal (“BoA”) on 3 June 2025 (T 0136/2024) rejected the oppositions filed against EP 466 and held the patent valid and not obvious. Both the OD and the BoA held that, based on the documents describing a Phase III trial with cabazitaxel, the skilled person had no reasonable expectation of success. Inventive step test – CoA The LD Munich records that the parties debated which inventive step test to apply: the problem-solution approach as applied by the EPO or the more holistic approach as formulated by the CoA, which is similar to the approach taken by the Tribunal Judiciaire de Paris. The LD Munich applies the test as formulated by the CoA in Amgen v. Sanofi-Aventis (paras 123–138). Objective (technical) problem Following the inventive step test of the CoA, the LD Munich holds that the objective problem is established by comparing the claim as a whole in the context of the description and the drawings, also considering the inventive concept underlying the invention. In order to avoid hindsight, the objective problem should not contain pointers to the claimed solution. In that regard, the LD Munich finds that the objective technical problem as formulated by the BoA contains parts of the solution and thus does not avoid hindsight. Therefore, the LD Munich reformulates the objective technical problem as the provision of a therapeutic option for treating patients suffering from castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer who have been previously treated with a docetaxel-based regimen and have prostate cancer that progressed during or after that treatment. This includes both increased overall survival and purely palliative treatment. Reasonable expectation of success The LD Munich further assesses whether the skilled person, starting from a realistic starting point and seeking to solve the objective technical problem, would have (and not only could have) arrived at the claimed solution. Taking NHSC’s protocol of the Phase III TROPIC trial as the starting point, the LD Munich notes that it discloses all features of claim 1 in hypothesis form and records that the trial was already well advanced at the priority date. It then weighs the positive and negative pointers in the prior art. The LD Munich finds that a skilled person at the priority date would have had a reasonable expectation of success in view of the clinical Phase III trial and finds the patent invalid based on lack of inventive step. The LD Munich points out that the skilled person does not need to have certainty of success by any means. It adds that, in oncology, Phase III trials are regularly initiated without a Phase II study in the same tumour type, and holds that in this case the absence of a prostate-cancer Phase II trial did not preclude a reasonable expectation of success, No binding effect of EPO decisions Having regard to the deviating decisions of the OD and the BoA, the LD Munich considers that these decisions do not have a binding effect. It specifically emphasises that, while the UPC may, in principle, consider decisions and opinions issued by national courts and the EPO when interpreting the EPC, this does not relieve a UPC panel of its duty as an independent judicial body to interpret and apply the EPC in full. Conclusion The LD Munich revokes EP 466 in its entirety with effect in the following UPC Contracting Member States AT, BE, DE, DK, FR, IT, NL, PT and SE and dismisses the infringement actions. The decision is the first case in which the Court of First Instance applies the ‘holistic inventive step test’ formulated by the CoA. It also underlines that EPO and national decisions, althoughinfluential, have no binding effect within the UPC.

On 13 August 2025, the UPC Court of Appeal (‘CoA’) granted a PI in proceedings between Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH (‘Boehringer’) and Zentiva Portugal LDA (‘Zentiva’). The CoA has set the standard for imminent infringement in relation to the launch of a generic medicine and the launch preparations. The CoA overturns the order of the Local Division Lisbon, granting Boehringer a PI against Zentiva for all UPC territories in which the patent has effect. What preceded Boehringer holds EP 1 830 843, which protects indolidone derivatives for the treatment or prevention of fibrotic diseases. Boehringer markets its product containing nintedanib as esilate in Portugal under the name Ofev® for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Zentiva obtained two Portuguese Marketing Authorisations (‘MA’) for its generic medicines (‘generics’) on 30 August 2024. It subsequently secured pricing and reimbursement approval in the process of completing the Prior Evaluation Procedure (‘PEP’) on 6 December 2024. Boehringer initiated PI proceedings against Zentiva, arguing that by completing all the necessary regulatory steps, Zentiva had positioned itself to launch at any time, thereby creating a real and immediate risk of infringement. On 8 May 2025, the Local Division Lisbon dismissed the requested PI, holding that the MA and PEP completion were administrative steps which, in themselves, did not establish a risk of imminent infringement. Boehringer appealed the decision. Assessment of the CoA – imminent infringement Under Article 62(1) and (4) UPCA, the UPC Court may grant a PI against an alleged infringer, intended to prevent an imminent infringement. According to the CoA, the legal test for imminent infringement (i.e. when the infringement has not yet occurred) is: whether the potential infringer has already set the stage for it to occur. In such cases, the infringement is only a matter of initiating the act, as all necessary preparations have been fully completed. This must be assessed on a case-by-case basis. The standard of proof is whether there is a sufficient degree of certainty, on the balance of probabilities, that it is more likely than not that a patent infringement is imminent. The risk of permanent price erosion is an important factor in determining whether a PI is necessary (CoA, order of 3 March 2025, UPC_CoA_523/2024, APL_51115/2024, Sumi vs Syngenta). According to the CoA merely obtaining a MA does not amount to imminent infringement. However, completing all national regulatory procedures like covering health technology assessment, pricing, and reimbursement can constitute imminent infringement if the generic manufacturer is in a position to make offers or supply the product. The CoA considers that this assessment depends on the applicable national legal framework. In the Portuguese legal context, the CoA ruled that, although it is customary to apply for a PEP before a patent expires, this had been done prematurely, namely ≥1 year before the patent expired. The CoA found that no further administrative approval was required for Zentiva to offer its generics on the market after the MA and the PEP approval were granted, because: the pre-notification to INFARMED (the National Authority for Medicines and Health Products) is just a formality that can be fulfilled by the supplier with relative ease and at short notice; the classification of Portuguese public procurement procedures as “pre-contractual” under national law does not limit the meaning of “offering” under Article 25 UPCA. Taking part in public procurement procedures with generic products while the patent is still in force will generally constitutes an infringing offer; while medicines are generally procured through public procurement procedures in Portugal, it is also possible for public hospitals, under certain conditions, to acquire nintedanib products outside of such procedures, in which Zentiva could participate with the approved PEP, and there are no other mechanisms that keep Zentiva from participating in public procurement proceedings and offering its generics, except that any restraint would be purely voluntary rather than imposed by law. Conclusion This decision offers significant clarification for both innovators and generic companies regarding the concept of imminent infringement. The key question is whether the generic company is in a position to offer and supply its generic products without further administrative hurdles. If so, imminent infringement exists – even if no sales have yet occurred. By contrast, merely obtaining a MA does not in itself amount to imminent infringement. Completing all regulatory steps well before patent expiry, without legal or regulatory barriers to offering, may therefore justify the grant of a PI. The Court makes clear that voluntary self-restraint is no substitute for enforceable legal restrictions.